Introdução à Psiquiatria Sociológica
Alexandre Valverde Marcondes de Moura
Francisco Drumond Marcondes de Moura
Paulo Palladini
Roberto Fasano Neto
Versão 1 (04/06/24): versão preliminar que na medida que for ampliada será substituída
Conceito
Em nosso modo de ver, denominamos Psiquiatria Sociológica a psiquiatria que, partindo de uma abordagem sociológica sobre a dinâmica e a estrutura psíquica, em correlação com a atividade cerebral, estuda e pratica a participação sociocultural na origem, na prevenção e no tratamento do sofrimento psíquico, compreendido na sua singularidade, em qualquer uma de suas modalidades: quadro reativo atual, ocasional, permanente, diatético, reversível ou progressivo.
A teoria que adotamos e que norteia essa abordagem é a Teoria Sociológica da Personalidade, assim caracterizada por Aníbal Silveira em 19771. Dessa forma, a Psiquiatria Sociológica é a psiquiatria reformulada, a partir da apreciação do conjunto do conhecimento acumulado nesse campo, sob o prisma da Teoria Sociológica da Personalidade.
Princípios:
- O contexto social e histórico é um fator patogênico relevante, no âmbito do que compreendemos e que está sendo comprovado, ampla e sistematicamente, por evidências como “produção social do sofrimento psíquico”.
- Nesse sentido, consideramos consistente a afirmação de que o sofrimento psíquico, em todas as suas modalidades, tem a sua origem na interação de determinadas dinâmicas sociais e culturais com as disposições biológicas, fisiogenéticas que constitui, no seu conjunto, a singularidade de uma determinada pessoa, de um determinado agente social2.
- Subentendida dessa forma, essa abordagem não supera apenas a dicotomia mente/corpo, mas estabelece a possibilidade de proposição de uma teoria explicativa que aponta para a integração mente/corpo/ambiente físico e social.
- Aqui vale ressaltar que compreendemos a mente como “mundo interno subjetivo” e o corpo como “mundo interno objetivo” incluindo aqui, necessariamente, o cérebro. Dessa forma, a atividade psíquica aparece como uma qualidade superior da relação entre esses três mundos: o mundo interno subjetivo, o mundo interno objetivo e o mundo externo. Importante assinalar que reconhecemos o equívoco de estabelecer uma visão reducionista da dinâmica psíquica com a atividade cerebral.
- Esse contexto social e histórico deve ser compreendido nos seus diversos aspectos:
- a diversidade cultural das variadas formas de organização das sociedades humanas consideradas no âmbito do seu tempo histórico;
- a diversidade racial que se consolida após o longo processo evolutivo da espécie humana;
- a atual hegemonia de um modo de produção que impõe o trabalho na sua forma negativa, isto é, como negação da criatividade, como expressão das potencialidades humanas;
- nesse mesmo sentido, como se dá ou não se dá a inserção no mundo do trabalho, o que produz um vasto contingente de pessoas excluídas e, portanto, desvinculadas das condições necessárias para a manutenção básica da sua sobrevivência”.
Em um instigante artigo3, Diane e Nikolas Rose fazem uma abrangente revisão bibliográfica sobre uma série de abordagens que propõem novos modelos para teorias e práticas psiquiátricas, avaliando quatro aspectos:
- como incorporam dimensões ‘sociais’,
- como envolvem ‘comunidades’ no tratamento,
- como engajam os usuários dos serviços de saúde mental,
- como tentam deslocar as relações de poder no interior do encontro psiquiátrico.
Os autores identificaram deficiências em todas essas abordagens, no sentido de não estabelecerem práticas que, de fato, as afastassem das “abordagens e das práticas convencionais”
Ao final, propõem “uma abordagem que busque fundamentar mais firmemente o sofrimento mental no mundo daqueles que o vivenciam, com foco particular nos nichos biopsicossociais dentro dos quais fazemos nossas vidas e no impacto da desvantagem sistemática, da violência estrutural e de outras exposições tóxicas dentro dos espaços e lugares que constituem e constrangem muitas vidas cotidianas”
Em concordância com outras abordagens, reforçam que uma “psiquiatria verdadeiramente alternativa requer que os profissionais psiquiátricos vão além de simplesmente ouvir as vozes dos usuários dos serviços”.
Finalmente, sugerem que se “outra psiquiatria” é possível, “isso requer uma repaginação radical do papel e das responsabilidades do psiquiatra medicamente treinado dentro e fora do encontro clínico”.
Esse artigo vai bem ao encontro do colocado em artigos recentes na literatura psiquiátrica que têm exigido uma nova abordagem para a saúde mental no Reino Unido, dadas as evidências dos resultados muitas vezes ruins ou limitados alcançados pelas abordagens atuais. Uma das principais críticas à abordagem predominante é que ela é majoritariamente guiada por um paradigma técnico, o que negligencia o aspecto social da saúde mental4, cuja importância é fortemente apoiada por evidências. Nessa linha, um editorial no British Journal of Psychiatry em 2013 especulou que o futuro da psiquiatria acadêmica pode ser social 5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172200383X[Opens in a new window]
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 January 2023
Diana Rose, Nikolas Rose ↩︎ - Thomas e Timimi Bracken 2012 ↩︎
- Burns and Craig Priebe 2013 ↩︎